STDDN: A Physics-Guided Deep Learning Framework for Crowd Simulation

Accurate crowd simulation is crucial for public safety management, emergency evacuation planning, and intelligent transportation systems. However, existing methods, which typically model crowds as a collection of independent individual trajectories, are limited in their ability to capture macroscopic physical laws. This microscopic approach often leads to error accumulation and compromises simulation stability. Furthermore, deep learning-driven methods tend to suffer from low inference efficiency and high computational overhead, making them impractical for large-scale, efficient simulations.

To address these challenges, we propose the Spatio-Temporal Decoupled Differential Equation Network (STDDN), a novel framework that guides microscopic trajectory prediction with macroscopic physics. We innovatively introduce the continuity equation from fluid dynamics as a strong physical constraint. A Neural Ordinary Differential Equation (Neural ODE) is employed to model the macroscopic density evolution driven by individual movements, thereby physically regularizing the microscopic trajectory prediction model. We design a density-velocity coupled dynamic graph learning module to formulate the derivative of the density field within the Neural ODE, effectively mitigating error accumulation.

We also propose a differentiable density mapping module to eliminate discontinuous gradients caused by discretization and introduce a cross-grid detection module to accurately model the impact of individual cross-grid movements on local density changes. The proposed STDDN method has demonstrated significantly superior simulation performance compared to state-of-the-art methods on long-term tasks across four real-world datasets, as well as a major reduction in inference latency. The details of the proposed method can be found in the paper, which is available at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.02756 and has been submitted to the arXiv repository with the identifier arXiv:2604.02756 [cs.LG].

The paper was submitted by Zijin Liu and is available for viewing, with the submission history showing that it was submitted on Fri, 3 Apr 2026 06:06:04 UTC. The paper is classified under the subject of Machine Learning (cs.LG) and has been assigned a DOI via DataCite, which is pending registration.