arxiv
PublishedApril 20, 2026 at 4:00 AM
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Adapting in the Dark: Efficient and Stable Test-Time Adaptation for Black-Box Models
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arXiv:2604.15609v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) for black-box models accessible only via APIs remains a largely unexplored challenge. Existing approaches such as post-hoc output refinement offer limited adaptive capacity, while Zeroth-Order Optimization (ZOO) enables input
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Originally published on arxiv ↗