46 articles mentioning Decision-2.0-Nox-4B
arXiv:2610.27099v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Clinical care, health-system operations and biomedical discovery depend on extracting reliable answers from patient records, yet applying diverse clinical questions across entire populations remains computationally expensive. Here we present Clinical S
arXiv:2605.29458v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language models are increasingly asked to stand in for particular people, and interviewing the person is the natural way to tell a model who they are. We test what a one-hour LLM-led adaptive interview tells a model about an individual'
arXiv:2604.12036v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We study the problem of constructing a decision tree that identifies an unknown hypothesis from a given ground set, under both average- and worst-case cost. The Optimal Decision Tree (ODT) problem has been extensively studied in the literatur
arXiv:2608.19085v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: World models for autonomous driving should anticipate the consequences that matter for driving decisions rather than reconstruct every detail of future scenes. However, predictive representations alone are not guaranteed to distinguish candid
arXiv:2509.24608v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Classification models typically predict a binary outcome and use one or more decision thresholds to produce a classification or inform a clinical decision. Decision curves and cost curves are model evaluation approaches that assess net benefit and
arXiv:2605.12682v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as reasoning modules in many applications, yet they often struggle to produce human-aligned decisions. Human-aligned decision-making requires accounting for both explicitly stated goals and latent
arXiv:2509.14203v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Learning and optimal control under robust Markov decision processes (MDPs) have received increasing attention, yet most existing theory, algorithms, and applications focus on finite-horizon or discounted models. Long-run average-reward formul
arXiv:2610.26937v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large clinical language models often require multi-GPU infrastructure, limiting local deployment. We introduce CERTA, a decision-level statistical certificate that determines when a quantized model may substitute for its native BF16 reference and escal
arXiv:2604.07667v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Multi-agent debate improves LLM reasoning, yet agreement is not evidence of correctness. When agents converge on a wrong answer through social reinforcement, consensus stopping commits that error to automated action with no recourse. We introduce C
arXiv:2602.14506v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We explore the use of transformers for solving quadratic programs and how this capability benefits decision-making problems that involve covariance matrices. We first show that the linear attention mechanism can provably solve unconstrained QPs by
arXiv:2610.27528v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Generative reward models (GenRMs) generate natural language rationales to justify preference judgments, yet a correct verdict does not guarantee a sound justification. Existing approaches often rely on reference explanations to supervise rationales, bu
arXiv:2610.27446v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A controller can guide a language model toward safe and useful responses by choosing when to assist, ask for clarification, or refuse. When the controller uses selected internal features, poor performance alone cannot distinguish missing information fr
arXiv:2610.28522v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Decision models support routing, guardrails, and output verification in LLM systems. However, item accuracy alone cannot establish whether models make correct decisions across controlled variations or assign reliable confidence to their predictions. We
arXiv:2610.17309v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We introduce StartLux-Decision, decision models from 0.8B to 27B parameters that combine efficient single-pass prediction with adaptive, confidence-guided reasoning. The Instant models use bidirectional attention in full-attention layers to i
arXiv:2610.20532v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: A multimodal agent must decide whether visual evidence is worth acquiring, which candidate or resolution to query, and when further interaction can no longer change its decision. We study this problem under a strict free-metadata/paid-observation b
arXiv:2610.23170v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Many language-based applications require probabilities over a finite set of decisions rather than open-ended responses. We present Chinese Decision, a family of Chinese-language models for single-pass probabilistic decision-making. Given context, an in
arXiv:2610.22416v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Automatic melody harmonization is often evaluated through individual compositions or data-driven corpus models. This study examines whether an explainable harmonic decision model developed for individual songs can be applied to independently collecte
arXiv:2610.22526v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Decision models, non-generative scorers that report a probability over caller-supplied options and emit no text, are increasingly deployed as routers, classifiers and guardrails. Because they generate nothing, rationales and chain-of-thought do not app
arXiv:2610.23204v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Stochastic optimization (SO) plays a central role in decision-making under uncertainty. Among SO problems, time-varying stochastic optimization (TV-SO) is particularly important due to its applications in adaptive control and machine learning. Non-para
arXiv:2610.22420v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Agent-based models are well-suited for modelling agro-ecological systems for decision-making, yet turning their simulations into actionable insight requires identifying which decisions actually drive the behaviours. In such a context, sensitivity analy
arXiv:2606.00991v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Transportation systems management and operations (TSMO) increasingly depends on timely interpretation of heterogeneous data, from various sensor streams, incident reports, traveler feedback, and visual observations. Large language models (LLMs), in
arXiv:2603.12507v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We consider minimising a spectral risk objective, the expected cost plus a weighted conditional value-at-risk, when the distribution of the uncertain parameters depends on the decision and can only be sampled through a stochastic simulator under a
arXiv:2610.23157v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as computational models of human behavior. Recent models such as Centaur have advanced this goal by fine-tuning LLMs on trial-by-trial decisions from psychological experiments. However, existing large-
arXiv:2610.23668v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Typed decision models often return more than a selected category. They also expose probabilities for each candidate and, sometimes, a separate confidence score. These fields support downstream decisions but may reveal information beyond a recipient's
arXiv:2610.23673v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multi-criteria models for healthcare operations need weights that express how stakeholders trade off patient waiting time, provider workload, and operating cost, but these weights are difficult to quantify. Teams of large language model (LLM) agents,
arXiv:2610.22131v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Interactive agents repeatedly choose among a finite set of actions, labels, or ordinal outcomes. Generating a free-form response for each choice adds latency and complicates the interface between a model and its environment. We present Intern-Decision,
arXiv:2601.10034v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: What connects minimal decision-making to contextual probability? We address this question through the Tug-of-War (TOW) principle, a resource-coupled mechanism for multi-armed bandit decision-making. Starting from classical probability, we sho
arXiv:2610.21412v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language model (LLM) agents now fix software, operate computers and serve customers, but their harnesses, the programs that run them, call a large LLM at every step, which makes long tasks slow and costly. Most of these calls end in a multiple-ch
arXiv:2610.22032v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Standard Bayesian experimental design (BED) methods assume the experimenter alone will act on the data, choosing the best action given their own beliefs and goals. In practice, data are often acted on by external parties whose procedures the experime
arXiv:2610.20951v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Decision models answer typed questions about an input with one probability per option, computed in a single forward pass without generating text. Like the fast System 1 of dual-process theory, they answer at once, but their depth is fixed at training t
arXiv:2610.07730v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Typed decision models answer a declared question without generating text: a decision head returns a probability for each of the declared options in a single forward pass. A single pass is fast, intuitive System 1 thinking. We study what lies
arXiv:2610.16902v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Bayesian Networks (BNs) are established tools for letting agents reason under uncertainty in sequential decision-making. They split a joint distribution into local conditional mechanisms arranged on a directed acyclic graph, which makes them modular, i
arXiv:2610.18579v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: System One models choose an agent's next action by scoring a supplied set of options in a single pass. This makes them fast and cheap, but when they choose wrongly there is nothing to inspect: did the model misread what the agent has seen, or read it c
arXiv:2609.32817v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Clinical Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong medical-exam accuracy; however, a correct answer does not guarantee that the explanation names the concepts that actually drove the decision. We introduce three lightweight, directly interpretabl
arXiv:2610.18298v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: What binds large language models on auditable, hypothesis-driven decision tasks, where every candidate can be checked against the evidence? On the public TCMEval-SDT benchmark for Traditional Chinese Medicine syndrome differentiation (200 cases), the b
arXiv:2610.17205v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: LLM-based decision-making systems, also called System One models, have recently gained popularity, most notably through Jev (Almeida, 2026). Given a typed input state, a question, and a set of options, they return a probability for each option in a sin
arXiv:2610.14912v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Language models are increasingly used to create synthetic survey samples, also called silicon samples. Decision models are a new class of language models that return a probability for each point of a rating scale instead of text. We ask whether these m
arXiv:2610.16655v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Decision APIs that return a probability for each option are routinely used as if those probabilities were properties of the options themselves. That reading is valid only if the model satisfies independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA): adding an o
arXiv:2610.19704v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) increasingly help users arrange appointments, plan journeys, and allocate limited resources. These tasks require models to satisfy constraints on time, cost, capacity, and order, or determine that no feasible solution exist
arXiv:2610.15930v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Border crossing points are stochastic service systems in which traffic demand, traveler categories, registration status, inspection requirements, staffing, and lane availability interact on multiple time scales. This paper extends an earlier multimodal
arXiv:2610.16347v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Forward-Forward learning replaces end-to-end backpropagation with local, layer-wise training objectives. Its variants are evaluated primarily by classification accuracy, often measured with linear probes trained on their representations. We show that
arXiv:2610.18612v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: System One models such as Jev change how software makes decisions by mapping open-ended semantic contexts into structured judgments that directly drive program execution. However, this paradigm introduces a new security risk, which we term Jev Progra
arXiv:2610.18677v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Online decision-making faces a tension between efficient inference and long-horizon reasoning. Value-based methods rely on short-horizon bootstrapping that limits the propagation of long-term information, while trajectory optimization methods plan ex
arXiv:2610.15501v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models make decisions through parallel prefill and sequential decoding. Although effective, this approach incurs decoding costs and does not explicitly expose decision probabilities. Existing task-specific classifiers require per-task tr
arXiv:2610.18126v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Freshness shapes an LLM decision at the moment it is made; the action it commits to is latent, carried out later, in a changing world. We therefore introduce a timestamp theory of decision validity and a decision ledger that realises it. Six timestamps