78 articles tagged #evaluation
arXiv:2606.11018v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Measuring subjective constructs in naturally occurring social media text requires annotation procedures that are theoretically grounded, empirically validated, and transferable to an encoder model for scalable prediction. Using posts annotated acco
arXiv:2607.09306v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Behavioural auditing asks whether a language model behaves as it claims, but detection scores are reported without separating two targets: whether a reply was produced under a behaviour-inducing condition (exposure) and whether the behaviour surfac
arXiv:2605.19576v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Self-evolving skill libraries face a silent failure mode we term \emph{library drift}: unbounded skill accumulation without outcome-driven lifecycle management causes retrieval degradation, false-positive injections, and performance stagnation. Rec
arXiv:2605.27784v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: LLM agents are governed by long-lived prompt policies, where individually reasonable stand- ing rules can jointly govern the same pre- generation state. Existing instruction-following evaluations usually ask whether a model satis- fies explicit con
arXiv:2603.28371v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: When an agent can articulate why something works, we typically take this as evidence of genuine understanding. This presupposes that effective action and correct explanation covary, and that coherent explanation reliably signals both. I argue
arXiv:2607.21685v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A systematic review begins with someone reading thousands of abstracts to identify the few that are relevant, and classifiers are used to prioritise that reading. Their inputs are often augmented with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), assigned either by
arXiv:2607.20799v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Scalar metrics are often used to evaluate clusterings against known classes, but they can obscure a fundamental trade-off: clusterings should be informative about class labels while avoiding unnecessary fragmentation. Here we describe normalized scores
arXiv:2607.15434v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Multi-agent systems routinely place one AI agent in authority over another. When a subordinate refuses a task, the manager chooses the outcome: it can renegotiate, report the failure honestly, coerce the subordinate, or lie about the result.
arXiv:2607.13418v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Recommender systems operate as Black-Boxes, leaving users and regulators unable to steer their outputs toward specific intentions or audit their behavior. This lack of controllability, defined as the system's ability to respond to explicit gu
arXiv:2607.12963v2 Announce Type: new Abstract: As large language models (LLMs) grow more capable, they are increasingly deployed in context-rich settings where task inputs are often accompanied by long, partially irrelevant context. In a controlled setting, we find that state-of-the-art models ofte
arXiv:2607.12079v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Decoding continuous language from fMRI signals remains a core challenge in non-invasive brain-computer interface research. We present two complementary investigations. First, we improve the Huth et al. ridge regression encoding pipeline through expande
arXiv:2607.09322v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: In this work, we introduce LongMedBench, a real-world EHR-based benchmark for long-horizon clinical decision-making. Prior evaluations of LLM-based medical agents have largely emphasized short-context knowledge QA and tool use. However, real-world
arXiv:2607.08066v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Chain-of-thought (CoT) monitoring is a promising safety mechanism for AI agents, based on the premise that visible reasoning traces can surface misaligned or deceptive behavior. While effective in standard scenarios, recent work highlights that LLMs re
arXiv:2607.08317v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Modern AI models achieve strong performance on many established benchmarks, yet they still fail on tasks that humans find almost trivial, such as manipulating a string or drawing a dog with five legs. These examples suggest that existing benchmarks may
arXiv:2607.08284v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated rapidly improving long-context capabilities, prompting a wave of benchmarks designed to evaluate them. However, existing long-context evaluations - from Needle-in-a-Haystack (NIAH) tests to more recent mul
arXiv:2604.06802v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Recent AI systems have achieved gold-medal-level performance on the International Mathematical Olympiad, demonstrating remarkable proficiency at competition-style problem solving. However, competition mathematics represents only a narrow slice of m
arXiv:2606.25935v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Was this person ever at that place, and if so, when? Answering such questions from noisy, multilingual historical documents is the central challenge of HIPE-2026, the third edition of the HIPE evaluation series. Moving from named entity recognition and
arXiv:2606.15862v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Large language model (LLM) agents have made rapid progress on short-horizon, well-scoped tasks, yet their ability to sustain coherent decisions in dynamic long-horizon environments remains uncertain. We introduce RetailBench, a data-grounded simula
arXiv:2606.20205v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Psychological instruments designed for humans are increasingly used to assign large language models (LLMs) stable psychological profiles that affect their usability, safety assessment, and use as proxies for human participants in research. Using a form
arXiv:2606.18699v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across diverse tasks, yet their performance on jurisdiction-specific legal reasoning remains underexplored. We present TW-LegalBench that utilizes Taiwanese legal system's rich official
arXiv:2505.23851v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to symbolic mathematics, yet existing evaluations often conflate pattern memorization with genuine reasoning. To address this gap, we present ASyMOB, a high-resolution dataset of 35,368 va
arXiv:2606.18532v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: AI systems are increasingly evaluated in bounded environments that combine isolation, simulation, instrumentation, supervision, and evidence capture. For physical AI, AIoT, and cyber-physical systems, this shift is not a matter of terminology: the sy
arXiv:2603.02668v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We present SorryDB, a dynamically-updating benchmark of open Lean tasks drawn from 78 real world formalization projects on GitHub. Unlike existing static benchmarks, often composed of competition problems, hillclimbing the SorryDB benchmark will yi
arXiv:2606.13608v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Agent systems are advancing quickly across domains, but their evaluation remains fragmented. Most benchmarks rely on fixed, LLM-centric harnesses that require heavy integration, create test-production mismatch, and limit fair comparison across diverse
arXiv:2601.13591v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Recent LLM-based data agents aim to automate data science tasks ranging from data analysis to deep learning. However, the open-ended nature of real-world data science problems, which often span multiple taxonomies and lack standard answers, poses a
arXiv:2606.13602v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We introduce EpiBench, a verifiable benchmark for short-horizon epigenomics analysis. EpiBench evaluates whether agents can make well-defined analysis decisions from realistic workflow states and return deterministically gradable answers. The benchmark
arXiv:2605.26418v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: A properly calibrated rule-based autoscaler can beat every one of six mainstream deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms on cost across every workload we test - so when, if ever, does DRL actually help? We study this in RLScale-Bench, a reprod
arXiv:2606.11830v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Background. Large language models and AI agents are increasingly used to support biomedical research, but native model outputs may omit key analytical steps, misuse methods, or overstate conclusions. We evaluated whether autonomous access to a medical
arXiv:2606.11635v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: For highly capable AI systems to operate safely in dynamic, open-ended environments, they must be able to identify, understand, and respond to moral reasons for action, and constrain their behaviour accordingly. A growing body of research aims to eva
arXiv:2606.10254v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved near-perfect performance in \emph{solving} high-school mathematics, their ability to \emph{evaluate} the diverse reasoning processes of real human students remains under-examined. To bridge this gap, we
arXiv:2606.10298v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: When large language models generate from retrieved or augmented contexts, conflicts between external context and parametric priors remain a central reliability bottleneck. Existing contrastive decoding methods follow a \emph{context-aware} paradigm tha
arXiv:2602.12424v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Benchmarks establish a standardized evaluation framework to systematically assess the performance of large language models (LLMs), facilitating objective comparisons and driving advancements in the field. However, existing benchmarks fail to
arXiv:2606.05872v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: AI agents are commonly evaluated using task success, reward, latency, and cost. These metrics are useful, but they often miss important aspects of agent behavior: whether an agent explores too much, repeats itself too rigidly, uses tools effectively, r
arXiv:2606.06462v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Benchmarks are fundamental for evaluating and advancing LLMs and MLLMs by providing standardized and explicit measures of performance. However, their construction is labor-intensive and hard to reuse, raising concerns about sustainability and scalabili
arXiv:2605.07061v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Joint audio-video generation models are rapidly approaching professional production quality, raising a central question: do they understand audio-visual physics, or merely generate plausible sounds and frames that violate real-world consisten
arXiv:2601.08654v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Rubric-based text evaluation increasingly uses large language models (LLMs) as scalable judges, but aligning frozen black-box models with human scoring standards remains challenging. We formulate this challenge as a criteria-transfer problem:
arXiv:2605.29447v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: While GUI agents have advanced rapidly, they often lack the robustness to recover from their own errors, hindering real-world deployment. To bridge this gap at both the evaluation and data levels, we introduce GUI-RobustEval and propose Robustness-dr
arXiv:2605.29025v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Federal agencies are deploying large language models (LLMs) to categorize public comment corpora, where the model's organization of the record shapes what policymakers see and which arguments register. Standard evaluation, anchored on stance accuracy a
arXiv:2604.17943v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: RAG-based question-answering (QA) in specialist domains faces a cold-start problem: lack of evaluative benchmarks and absence of labeled data for post-training. We present DoRA (Domain-oriented RAG Assessment), a novel benchmark construction and ev
arXiv:2605.20815v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Graph-based Retrieval Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) extends retrieval-augmented generation to support structured reasoning over complex corpora, but its reliability under resource-constrained, privacy-sensitive deployments remains unclear. In healt
arXiv:2605.20744v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Aligning autonomous agents with human intent remains a central challenge in modern AI. A key manifestation of this challenge is reward hacking, whereby agents appear successful under the evaluation signal while violating the intended objective. Rewar
arXiv:2605.17246v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We introduce fidelity probes: natural-language questions generated from a reference artifact with code-derived ground-truth answers, answered from a candidate specification. The fraction of agreeing probes, which we call the fidelity, decomposes into
arXiv:2605.14002v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) embedded in agentic frameworks have transformed information retrieval from static, long context question answering into open-ended exploration. Yet real world use requires models to discover and synthesize "long-tail" fact
arXiv:2605.15000v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Premature closure, or committing to a conclusion before sufficient information is available, is a recognized contributor to diagnostic error but remains underexamined in large language models (LLMs). We define LLM premature closure as inappropriate c
arXiv:2605.07313v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Memory-agent evaluations report fixed-snapshot accuracy or retrieval quality, but these scores do not show whether evidence remains usable as irrelevant sessions (sessions not annotated as task-relevant evidence for the query) accumulate. We present a
arXiv:2605.06707v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This paper presents an eight-week observational comparison of 68 single-file HTML generations collected across 17 public experiments in the "HTML AI Battle" project between December 10, 2025 and February 4, 2026. Four reasoning model families, GPT, G
arXiv:2605.06136v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Most coding-agent benchmarks ask whether generated code behaves correctly. That remains essential, but repository-level engineering is increasingly agent-managed: one agent writes a repository, and later agents inspect, audit, or extend it as working
arXiv:2605.06327v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Safety benchmarks are routinely treated as evidence about how a language model will behave once deployed, but this inference is fragile if behavior depends on whether a prompt looks like an evaluation. We define evaluation-context divergence as an ob
arXiv:2512.01020v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Evaluating the quality of LLM-generated reasoning traces in expert domains (e.g., law) is essential for ensuring credibility and explainability, yet remains challenging due to the inherent complexity of such reasoning tasks. We introduce LEGIT (LEG
arXiv:2508.07630v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We introduce InterChart, a diagnostic benchmark that evaluates how well vision-language models (VLMs) reason across multiple related charts, a task central to real-world applications such as scientific reporting, financial analysis, and publi
arXiv:2604.27927v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We introduce a framework called LAPITHS (Language model Analysis through Paradigm grounded Interpretations of Theses about Human likenesS) and use it to show that several major claims advanced by models such as CENTAUR, proposed as an artificial Unifie
arXiv:2604.27082v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We present a framework for migrating production Large Language Model (LLM) based systems when the underlying model reaches end-of-life or requires replacement. The key contribution is a Bayesian statistical approach that calibrates automated evaluation
arXiv:2604.28139v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: LLM agents are expected to complete end-to-end units of work across software tools, business services, and local workspaces. Yet many agent benchmarks freeze a curated task set at release time and grade mainly the final response, making it difficult
arXiv:2604.26269v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The essence of good creative writing is calibrated surprise: when constraints from all relevant dimensions act together, the feasible solution space collapses into a narrow region, and the surviving choices look least predictable from an unconstraine
arXiv:2505.21190v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Radiology reports convey detailed clinical observations and capture diagnostic reasoning that evolves over time. However, existing evaluation methods are limited to single-report settings and rely on coarse metrics that fail to capture fine-g
arXiv:2604.24544v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The increasing reliance on Large Language Models (LLMs) across diverse sectors highlights the need for robust domain-specific and language-specific evaluation datasets; however, the collection of such datasets is challenging due to privacy concerns, re
arXiv:2604.24278v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Automatic speech recognition systems often produce confident yet incorrect transcriptions under noisy or ambiguous conditions, which can be misleading for both users and downstream applications. Standard evaluation based on Word Error Rate focuses so
arXiv:2601.12979v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The pursuit of real-time agentic interaction has driven interest in Diffusion-based Large Language Models (dLLMs) as alternatives to auto-regressive backbones, promising to break the sequential latency bottleneck. However, does such efficiency gain
arXiv:2604.21916v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As frontier language models attain near-ceiling performance on static mathematical benchmarks, existing evaluations are increasingly unable to differentiate model capabilities, largely because they cast models solely as solvers of fixed problem sets. W
arXiv:2604.21534v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This paper presents our system developed for SemEval-2026 Task 2. The task requires modeling both current affect and short-term affective change in chronologically ordered user-generated texts. We explore three complementary approaches: (1) LLM prompti
arXiv:2503.16416v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these increasing
arXiv:2604.19354v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly proposed for autonomous cybersecurity tasks, but their capabilities in realistic offensive settings remain poorly understood. We present DeepRed, an open-source benchmark for evaluating LLM-based agent
arXiv:2604.18347v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Vision Language Models (VLMs) achieved rapid progress in the recent years. However, despite their growth, VLMs development is heavily grounded on English, leading to two main limitations: (i) the lack of multilingual and multimodal datasets for trainin
arXiv:2604.17358v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: While recent Spoken Language Models (SLMs) have been actively deployed in real-world scenarios, they lack the capability to discern Third-Party Interruptions (TPI) from the primary user's ongoing flow, leaving them vulnerable to contextual failures. To
arXiv:2604.09982v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Reproducibility must validate architectural robustness, not just numerical accuracy. We evaluate ColBERT-v2 and ConstBERT across five dimensions, finding that while ConstBERT reproduces within 0.05% MRR@10 on MS-MARCO, both models show a drop
arXiv:2604.14799v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Effective abstention (EA), recognizing evidence insufficiency and refraining from answering, is critical for reliable multimodal systems. Yet existing evaluation paradigms for vision-language models (VLMs) and multi-agent systems (MAS) assume answerabi
arXiv:2604.13067v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: SpeechLLMs process spoken language directly from audio, but accent and vocal identity cues can lead to biased behaviour. Current bias evaluations often miss how such bias manifests in end-to-end speech interactions and how users experience it. We dis
arXiv:2604.10520v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As Large Language Models (LLMs) have become capable of generating long and descriptive code summaries, accurate and reliable evaluation of factual consistency has become a critical challenge. However, previous evaluation methods are primarily designe
arXiv:2604.10673v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: AI alignment is often framed as the task of ensuring that an AI system follows a set of stated principles or human preferences, but general principles rarely determine their own application in concrete cases. When principles conflict, when they are too
arXiv:2604.08970v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We study predictive multilingual evaluation: estimating how well a model will perform on a task in a target language when direct benchmark results are missing. This problem is common in multilingual deployment, where evaluation coverage is sparse and
arXiv:2604.06240v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Verifying the success of computer use agent (CUA) trajectories is a critical challenge: without reliable verification, neither evaluation nor training signal can be trusted. In this paper, we present lessons learned from building a best-in-class veri
arXiv:2601.05529v5 Announce Type: replace Abstract: High success rates on navigation-related tasks do not necessarily translate into reliable decision making by foundation models. To examine this gap, we evaluate current models on six diagnostic tasks spanning three settings: reasoning under complet
arXiv:2604.06185v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Fulfilling user needs through Large Language Model multi-turn, multi-step tool-use is rarely a straightforward process. Real user interactions are inherently wild, being intricate, messy, and flexible. We identify three key challenges from user behav
arXiv:2604.06484v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Cultural values are expressed not only through language but also through visual scenes and everyday social practices. Yet existing evaluations of cultural values in language models are almost entirely text-only, making it unclear whether models can gro
arXiv:2604.07006v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Pragmatic inference is inherently graded. Different lexical items give rise to pragmatic enrichment to different degrees. Scalar implicature exemplifies this property through scalar diversity, where implicature strength varies across scalar items. Howe
arXiv:2604.02368v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: As Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit plateauing performance on conventional benchmarks, a pivotal challenge persists: evaluating their proficiency in complex, open-ended tasks characterizing genuine expert-level cognition. Existing frameworks su
arXiv:2604.04220v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We introduce TimeSeek, a benchmark for studying how the reliability of agentic LLM forecasters changes over a prediction market's lifecycle. We evaluate 10 frontier models on 150 CFTC-regulated Kalshi binary markets at five temporal checkpoints, with a
arXiv:2604.00799v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Spatial consistency is a fundamental property of the visual world and a key requirement for models that aim to understand physical reality. Despite recent advances, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) often struggle to reason about 3D ge